Horvath, C. A. J., G. A. V. Boulet, V. M. Renoux, P. O. Delvenne, and J.-P.J. Bogers. 2010. Mechanisms of cell entry by human papillomaviruses:An overview. Virology Journal7:11.

Fashner, J., K. Ericson, and S. Werner. 2012. Treatment of the common cold in children and adults. American Family Physician86:153–59.

Damon, I. K., C. R. Damaso, and G. McFadden. 2014. Are we there yet?The smallpox research agenda using variola virus. PLoS Pathogens10:e1004108.

Van Etten, J. L., L. C. Lane, and R. H. Meints. 1991. Viruses and viruslike particles of eukaryotic algae. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews55:586.

Gould, E. A., and S. Higgs. 2009. Impact of climate change and other factors on emerging arbovirus diseases. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene103:109–21.

Wolfe, N. 2009. Preventing the next pandemic. Scientific America, April 2009, 76–81.

García-Vallvé, S., J. R. Iglesias-Rozas, Á. Alonso, and I. G. Bravo. 2006. Different papillomaviruses have different repertoires of transcription factor binding sites: Convergence and divergence in the upstream regulatory region. BMC Evolutionary Biology6:20.

Angly, F. E., B. Felts, M. Breitbart, et al. 2006. The marine viromes of four oceanic regions. PLoS Biology4 （11）:e368.

Moreira, D., and C. Brochier-Armanet. 2008. Giant viruses, giant chimeras: The multiple evolutionary histories of mimivirus genes.BMC Evolutionary Biology8:12.

Jern, P., and J. M. Coffin. 2008. Effects of retroviruses on host genome function. Annual Review of Genetics42:709–32.

Jacobs, B. L., J. O. Langland, K. V. Kibler, et al. 2009. Vaccinia virus vaccines: Past, present and future. Antiviral Research84:1–13.

Pigott, D. M., N. Golding, A. Mylne, et al. 2014. Mapping the zoonotic niche of Ebola virus disease in Africa. Elife3:e04395.

Kosuri, S., and G. M. Church. 2014. Large-scale de novo DNA synthesis:Technologies and applications. Nature Methods11:499–507.

Rohwer, F., M. Youle, H. Maughan, and N. Hisakawa. 2015. Life in OurPhage World. San Diego: Wholon.

Weiss, R. A. 2006. The discovery of endogenous retroviruses. Retrovirology3:67.

Bravo, I. G., and Á. Alonso. 2006. Phylogeny and evolution of papillomaviruses based on the E1 and E2 proteins. Virus Genes34:249–62.reａd•99ｃｓｗ.cｏm

Dugan, V. G., R. Chen, D. J. Spiro, et al. 2008. The evolutionary genetics and emergence of avian influenza viruses in wild birds.PLoS Pathogens4（5）:e1000076.

Dewannieux, M., F. Harper, A. Richaud, et al. 2006. Identification of an infectious progenitor for the multiple-copy HERV-K human endogenous retroelements. Genome Research16:1548–56.

Arden, K. E., and I. M. Mackay. 2009. Human rhinoviruses: Coming in from the cold. Genome Medicine1:44.

Orlando, P. A., R. A. Gatenby, A. R. Giuliano, and J. S. Brown.2012. Evolutionary ecology of human papillomavirus: trade-offs,coexistence, and origins of high-risk and low-risk types. Journal ofInfectious Diseases205:272–79.

Keen, E.C. 2015. A century of phage research: Bacteriophages and the shaping of modern biology. Bioessays37:6–9.

Tarlinton, R., J. Meers, and P. Young. 2008. Biology and evolution of the endogenous koala retrovirus. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences65:3413–21.

Taubenberger, J. K., and D. M. Morens. 2008. The pathology of influenza virus infections. Annual Reviews of Pathology3:499–522.

Worobey, M., M. Gemmel, D. E. Teuwen, et al. 2008. Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960. Nature455:661–64.

Wimmer, E. 2006. The test-tube synthesis of a chemical called poliovirus.EMBO Reports7:S3–9.

Raoult, D., and P. Forterre. 2008. Redefining viruses: Lessons from mimivirus. Nature Reviews Microbiology6:315–19.

Rohwer, F., and R. Vega Thurber. 2009. Viruses manipulate the marine environment. Nature459:207–12.

Doorbar, J. 2006. Molecular biology of human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer. Clinical Science110:525.

Faria, N. R., A. Rambaut, M. A. Suchard, et al. 2014. The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations. Science346:56–61.

Shulzhenko, N., H. Lyng, G. F. Sanson, and A. Morgun. 2014. Ménage à trois: An evolutionary interplay between human papillomavirus, a tumor, and a woman. Trends in Microbiology22:345–53.

Koonin, E. V., and V. V. Dolja. 2014. Virus world as an evolutionary network of viruses and capsidless selfish elements.Microbiology andMolecular Biology Reviews78:278–303.九*九*藏*書

Kennedy, R. B., I. Ovsyannikova, and G. A. Poland. 2009. Smallpox vaccines for biodefense. Vaccine27 （Suppl）:D73–79.

Sfakianos, J. N. 2009. West Nile Virus. 2nd ed. New York: Chelsea House.

Breitbart, M. 2012. Marine viruses: Truth or dare. Annual Review of Marine Sciences4:425–48.

Martin, D., and J. S. Gutkind. 2008. Human tumor-associated viruses and new insights into the molecular mechanisms of cancer. Oncogene27（Suppl2）:S31–42.

Palmenberg, A. C., D. Spiro, R. Kuzmickas, et al. 2009. Sequencing and analyses of all known human rhinovirus genomes reveal structure and evolution. Science324:55–59.

Holmes, E. C., and A. Rambaut. 2004. Viral evolution and the emergence of SARS coronavirus. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences359:1059–65.

Skowronski, D. M., C. Astell, R. C. Brunham, et al. 2005. Severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS）: A year in review. Annual Review ofMedicine56:357–81.

Barry, J. M. 2004. The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History. New York: Viking.

Forterre, P., M. Krupovic, and D. Prangishvili. 2014. Cellular domains and viral lineages. Trends in Microbiology22:554–58.

Venkatesan M., and J. L. Rasgon. 2010. Population genetic data suggest a role for mosquito-mediated dispersal of West Nile virus across the western United States. Molecular Ecology19:1573–84.

Koplow, D. A. 2003. Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge.Berkeley: University of California Press.

Lee, A., A. Nolan, J. Watson, and M. Tristem. 2013. Identification of an ancient endogenous retrovirus, predating the divergence of the placental mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal SocietyB:Biological Sciences368:20120503.

Quammen, D. 2012. Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic. New York: W. W. Norton.

Shchelkunov, S. N. 2009. How long ago did smallpox virus emerge? Archives of Virology154:1865–71.

Adhya, S., C. R. Merril, and B. Biswas. 2014. Therapeutic and prophylactic applications of bacteriophage components in modern medicine. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine4:a012518.htｔpｓ://ｒｅaｄ.９９csw.ｃom

Dormitzer, P. R., P. Suphaphiphat, D. G. Gibson, et al. 2013. Synthetic generation of influenza vaccine viruses for rapid response to pandemics. Science Translational Medicine5:185ra68.

Bos, L. 1999. Beijerinck's work on tobacco mosaic virus: Historical context and legacy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences354:675.

Forterre, P. 2010. Defining life: The virus viewpoint.Origins of Life andEvolution of Biospheres40:151–60.

Piot, P. 2013. No Time to Lose: A Life in Pursuit of Deadly Viruses. New York: W. W. Norton.

Willner D., M. Furlan, M. Haynes, et al. 2009. Metagenomic analysis of respiratory tract DNA viral communities in cystic fibrosis and noncystic fibrosis individuals.PLoS ONE4（10）:e7370.

Weiss, R. A. 2013. On the concept and elucidation of endogenous retroviruses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal SocietyB: Biological Sciences368:20120494.

Brussaard, C. P. D., S. W. Wilhelm, F. Thingstad, et al. 2008. Global-scale processes with a nanoscale drive: The role of marine viruses. ISMEJournal2:575–78.

Brault, A. C. 2009. Changing patterns of West Nile virus transmission:Altered vector competence and host susceptibility. Veterinary Research40:43.

Deresinski, S. 2009. Bacteriophage therapy: Exploiting smaller fleas.Clinical Infectious Diseases48:1096–101.

Claverie, J. M., and C. Abergel. 2013. Open questions about giant viruses.Advances in Virus Research85:25-56.

Ruprecht, K., J. Mayer, M. Sauter, K. Roemer, and N. Mueller-Lantzsch.2008. Endogenous retroviruses and cancer. Cellular and MolecularLife Sciences65:3366–82.

Keele, B. F. 2006. Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1. Science313:523–26.

Blikstad, V., F. Benachenhou, G. O. Sperber, and J. Blomberg. 2008.Evolution of human endogenous retroviral sequences: A conceptual account. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences65:3348–65.

Gilbert, M. T. P., A. Rambaut, G. Wlasiuk, T. J. Spira, A. E. Pitchenik,and M. Worobey. 2007. The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences104:18566.https://read.99csw.com

Katzourakis, A., and A. Aswad. 2014. The origins of giant viruses,virophages and their relatives in host genomes. BMC Biology12:51.

Parrish, C. R., E. C. Holmes, D. M. Morens, et al. 2008. Cross-species virus transmission and the emergence of new epidemic diseases. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews72:457–70.

Rambaut, A., O. G. Pybus, M. I. Nelson, C. Viboud, J. K. Taubenberger,and E.C. Holmes. 2008. The genomic and epidemiological dynamics of human influenza A virus.Nature453:615–19.

Reardon, S. 2014. 「Forgotten」 NIH smallpox virus languishes on death row. Nature514:544.

WHO Ebola Response Team. 2014. Ebola virus disease in West Africa—the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections.New England Journal of Medicine371:1481–95.

Smith, G. J. D., D. Vijaykrishna, J. Bahl, et al. 2009. Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic. Nature459:1122–25.

Raj, V. S., A. D. Osterhaus, R. A. Fouchier, and B. L. Haagmans. 2014.MERS: Emergence of a novel human coronavirus. Current Opinion inVirology5:58–62.

Lavialle, C., G. Cornelis, A. Dupressoir, et al. 2013. Paleovirology of「syncytins,」 retroviral env genes exapted for a role in placentation.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal SocietyB: Biological Sciences368:20120507.

García-Vallvé, S., Á. Alonso, and I. G. Bravo. 2005. Papillomaviruses:Different genes have different histories. Trends in Microbiology13:514–21.

Desnues, C., B. Rodriguez-Brito, S. Rayhawk, et al. 2008. Biodiversity and biogeography of phages in modern stromatolites and thrombolites.Nature452:340–43.

Moreira, D., and P. Lopez-Garcia. 2009. Ten reasons to exclude viruses from the tree of life. Nature Reviews Microbiology7:306–11.

Brussow, H. 2005. Phage therapy: The Escherichia coli experience. Microbiology151:2133.

Hughes, A. L., S. Irausquin, and R. Friedman. 2010. The evolutionary biology of poxviruses. Infection, Genetics and Evolution10:50–59.

Suttle, C. A. 2007. Marine viruses—major players in the global ecosystem. Nature Reviews Microbiology5:801–12.

D'arca, M., A. Ayoubaa, A. Estebana, et al. 2015. Origin of the HIV-1 group O epidemic in western lowland gorillas. Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesPublished ahead of print, March 2, 2015.doi:10.1073/pnas.1502022112.read.99csw.com

Ogata, H., and J. M. Claverie. 2008. How to infect a mimivirus. Science321:1305.

Kay, L. E. 1986. W. M. Stanley's crystallization of the tobacco mosaic virus, 1930–1940. Isis77:450–72.

Montagnier, L. 2010. 25 Years after HIV discovery: Prospects for cure and vaccine. Virology397:248–54.

Summers, W. C. 2001. Bacteriophage therapy. Annual Reviews in Microbiology55:437–51.

Abrahão, J. S., F. P. Dornas, L. C. F. Silva, et al 2014. Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus and other giant viruses: an open field to outstanding discoveries. Virology Journal11:120.

Danovaro, R., A. Dell'Anno, C. Corinaldesi, et al. 2008. Major viral impact on the functioning of benthic deep-sea ecosystems. Nature454:1084–87.

Fauci, A. S., and H. D. Marston. 2014. Ending AIDS–is an HIV vaccine necessary? New England Journal of Medicine370:495–98.

Fan, H. 2011. AIDS: Science and Society. 6th ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Briese, T., N. Renwick, M. Venter, et al. 2008. Global distribution of novel rhinovirus genotype. Emerging Infectious Diseases14:944.

Schiffman, M., R. Herrero, R. DeSalle, et al. 2005. The carcinogenicity of human papillomavirus types reflects viral evolution.Virology337:76–84.

Mariner, J. C., J. A. House, C. A. Mebus, et al. 2012. Rinderpest eradication: Appropriate technology and social innovations. Science337:1309–12.

Flint, S. J. 2009. Principles of Virology. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press.

Diamond, M. S. 2009. Progress on the development of therapeutics against West Nile virus. Antiviral Research83:214–27.

Hamer, G. L, U. D. Kitron, T. L. Goldberg, et al. 2009. Host selection by Culex pipiens mosquitoes and West Nile virus amplification.AmericanJournal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene80:268.

Sack, K., S. Fink, P. Belluck, and A. Nossiter. 2014. Ebola's deadline escape. New York Times, December 30, 2014, D1.

Raoult, D., B. La Scola, and R. Birtles. 2007. The discovery and characterization of mimivirus, the largest known virus and putative pneumonia agent. Clinical Infectious Diseases45:95–102.