OSS，see Office of Strategic Services

Health hazards，tasks at OSHA and，42-43

Tenure of commissioners，as limit on congressional control，238，239，240

NOSC，see under U.S.Navy

Marshall Plan，see Economic Cooperation Administration

Brazil，310

Hospitals，efficiency of，350-51

OSM，see Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement

SOPs，see Standard operating procedures

Fair Labor Standards Act，165n

Merit，in hiring of public employees，139-42

Alabama mental health system，285-86

OMB，see Office of Management and Budget

Values，69

Autonomy，183；achievement of，188-92；consequences of concern for，192-94；coordination of agencies and，192-93；defined，182，183n；executives and，181-85；federal personnel system and，149-50，152；innovation and，221；as organizational issue，26-27；of Postal Service，122-29；preference for，over money，179-80；presidential control and，274-75；strategies for maintenance of，28；unification of military services and，185-88；see also Turf maintenance

Massachusetts：Department of Public Welfare，52；prison system in，7；Registry of Motor Vehicles，113-14，118，135-36，160-61

FTC，see Federal Trade Commission

FOIA，see Freedom of Information Act

RFPs，see Requests for proposals

NEH，see National Endowment for the Humanities

Metro，see Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority

U.S.Department of State：Agency for International Development，180；change at，225；under Kissinger，262；management of embassy construction and security，183-84；Moscow Embassy staff and，12；organizational culture of，90-91，93-95；privatization and，358；situational imperatives in task definition at，40-42；United States Information Agency and，180

Production agencies：costs of constraints and，332；court orders and，291；legislative domination of，244，248；management of，159-63；police departments as，170-71；presidential control and，275；rules and，336-37；task definition in，367；type of executive in，200-1

Formative years of agencies，68

FCC，see Federal Communications Commission

IRS，see Internal Revenue Service Italy，298

Office of Management and Budget（OMB），120，259，264；Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs in，129

Overton Park，and Supreme Court，278-79

Denmark，350，362

Resources：annual authorizations and 243-44；coalition-building and，251-53；congressional control over，238-39，240，243-44；contir gencies for use of，197；court-ordered policy and，288-89；quality of schools and，9-10；success of German army and，4；superiority of Texas prisons and，8

SAT，see Scholastic Aptitude Test

Privatization：accountability and，348，357-59；efficiency and，350-53；historical examples of，346-47；public services and，373；see also Public versus private agencies

Employees，in business versus government agencies，114-15

U.S.Supreme Court，see Courts

Scholastic Aptitude Test（SAT），140

CPD，see Community Planning and Development Program

Forest Service，199；leadership at，201；management system at，166-67；organizational mission in，96-97，107；task definition and，63，64，65

Defector management，see under Central Intelligence Agency

Career enhancement，and work assignment，172

Vietnam War，43-44，164，187

National Environmental Policy Act（NEPA），65，130

National culture，92，301-10；deference versus self-assertiveness and，303-5；formality versus informality and，305-7；groups versus individuals and，307-8

OEO，see Office of Economic Opportunity

Professionalism：craft organizations and，167-68；personnel system and，149-53；procedural organizations and，163-64；task definition and，59-65，74

Strategy：executive，28，209-16；military，5-6，17-18；for organization maintenance，207-8

Volunteers in Service to America（VISTA），180

Secrecy，and national differences，300-1

NLRB，see National Labor Relations Board

World War Ⅰ tactics，14-15，43

Revenues，and incentives，116-20

Judges，versus bureaucrats，290-94

Individualism，307-8

Engineers，61-63

Housing inspectors，193

ASV，see Arbetarskyddsverket（Sweden）

Park Service，63-64，65

U.S.Marine Corps，220-21，245

National Security Agency（NSA），106-7

Human factors，and task definition，62-63

Risk aversion：autonomy and，191-92；bureaucratic personality and，69-70；constraints and，129；contextual goals and，132-53；court intervention and，282

Public interest groups，287-88，289-90；see also Interest groups

CSRA，see Civil Service Reform Act Culture，302；see also National culture；Organizational culture

U.S.Department of Veterans' Affairs，248

CBO，see Congressional Budget Office

Media，and capture，88

Formality，national differences in，305-7

Identity，see Mission，sense of

Task definition：by agencies，246-47；attitudes and，54-55，67-68；bias toward maintaining，222；bureaucratic personality and，69-70；congressional dominance and，244-48；executives and，371-72；external interests and，79-83；goals in，34-36；human factors and，62-63；military procurement and，320-21；peer expectations in，45-48；political ideology and，65-68；postgovernment employment prospects and，86-88；prior experience and，55-59，73-74；professional standards and，59-65；rules and，336-39；sense of mission and，95-96；situational imperatives in，36-44；at Social Security Administration，100；technology in，42-44

Client politics，11，18，76，78，208

Administrative Procedure Act（APA），2，82，129

Environmental issues，130，131

Legislation：constraining agency actions，240-41；control of entrepreneurial politics and，249-50；limiting congressional power，238-41；task definition and，59，73；see also Congress；Rules；Statutes

Schools：as coping organizations，224-25；court intervention and，281-82；decentralization，372-73；differences between good and bad，9-10；innovation and，224；management by rule and，338-39；operation of，366；organization of，21-23；see also Education；Teachers

Enforcement system，297-301

Congressional Budget Office（CBO），259；Grace Commission report and，318-19

Deregulation of government，369

Evaluation：efficiency criterion and，332，347-48；privatization and，347-48；by results，373-75；of task performance，117-18

Twain，Mark，Junior High School（Brooklyn），292

「Homeporting，」 251-52

U.S.Post Office，36；see also United States Postal Service

Thematic Apperception Test（TAT），69-70

New York Post Authority，203

Incentives：attitudes and，51；behavior of operators and，88；behavior of professionals and，60；for compliance with standards，287-88；efficiency and，321-23，349；for government versus private executives，197；information-gathering and transmitting processes and，228-29；innovation and，221；military procurement and，321-23；monetary benefits and，116-20，157；nonmaterial，157-58，174；operation of agencies and，366；for operator involvement in change，231-32；for regulatory negotiation，284n；task definition and，49；see also Peer expectations；Situational imperatives

WPA，see War Production Board

Retired persons，35

National Bureau of Standards，199

Operators：in coping organization，169-70；discretionary power of，70-71；involvement in innovative change and，230-32；organizational culture and，27；performance-based compensation and，144；promotion of，143；support from executive and，205；task definition and，33-48；see also Professionals；Task definition；Task performance

「Goldplating，」 321

Presidential vread.99csw.comersus congressional agencies，275-76

Group values，307-8

Iran-Contra affair，272-73

Interstate Commerce Commission（ICC），78，87，279

National Teacher Examinations（NTE），152

CAB，see Civil Aeronautics Board

Social goal，see Contextual goal

NRO，see National Reconnaissance Office

Juridicial democracy，335

Political constraints，35，44，120-22

Experimental Housing Allowance Program，355-57

Trench warfare，14-15，43

Office of Economic Opportunity（OEO），180，274-75

Entrepreneurial politics，77-78，80，208

Internal Revenue Service（IRS），160，161，174

Netherlands，The，362

Texas prison system：authority in，25；「control model」 in，19-21；court reform of，293-94；rules and，328-29；superiority of，6-8

TVA，see Tennessee Valley Authority

AAF，see Army Air Force

UMTA，see Urban Mass Transportation Administration

Coordination，see Interagency coordination

Aid to Families with Dependent Children（AFDC），337

Politics：congressional domination and，248-51；enforcement of regulatory policy and，297-301；executive's freedom of action and，208；rules deriving from，120-22

Military services：autonomy of secretary of defense and，179-80；disadvantages of communication for，228-29；equity in duty assignments and，171-73；national culture and，302；organizational cultures of，105-6；as procedural organization，163；promotion in，321-22；task definition in，58-59；unification of，185-88；see also Armies；Joint Chiefs of Staff；Pentagon；U.S.Air Force；U.S.Army；U.S.Navy

SSA，see Social Security Administration

Lawyers，60，61，284-85

Mental hospitals，39，350

Local law enforcement，13，352-53；see also Police officers

Client agency：legislative dominance and，248，249；task definition in，79-80，81-82

Federal Communications Commission（FCC），76，329-30，339

Latin America，309-10，311

Public Citizen，289-90

National Labor Relations Board（NLRB），67，78，339

Europe，see also specific countries；contextual goals and，130-31；problems of administration and，376-77；rule-based governance and，335；see also Parliamentary regimes

Federal Acquisition Regulation，126-27，321

Responsiveness，and fairness，326-27

Industrial productivity，54

Congress：autonomy of USPS and，124；blame-shifting by，246n；committee reports as agency 「guidance」 and，243；conflicts among committees in，256；constituency demands and，174；decentralization in，85；executive branch power over agencies and，258-60；House and Senate Select Committees on Intelligence，259-60；means of exercising influence，237-41；micromanagement by，241-44，366-67；nationalized versus geographic representation in，242；presidential control of agencies and，258-60，274-75；reorganization and，268；suits against agencies and，281；watchdog role of，85；see also Congressional control

Separation of powers，376-78

U.S.Navy，186；carrier task force in，226；China Lake Demonstration Project，138，146-48，372；coalition-building by，251-52；control over nuclear power and，184-85；interservice coordination and，58-59；Naval Ocean Systems Center（NOSC），137-38；organizational cultures of，106

National Resources Defense Council（NRDC），287-88

SEC，see Securities and Exchange Commission

Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs（BNDD），225，265；see also Drug Enforcement Administration

General goal，defined，34n

Markets，see Privatization

Lane High School（Queens，New York），22

「Iron Law of Emulation，」 259-60

Sweden：deference to authority in，303-4；enforcement system in，295-96，298；rule-based governance and，335

War Resources Board，270

Federal Trade Commission（FTC），213；congressional dominance and，247-48，249-50，254-56；economists and，285；executive strategies for change at，207-8；innovation at，231；interest groups and，82-83；noncongressional government influences on，255-56；task definition at，59，60-61

Consumer welfare，60-61

Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）：administration of，85；compliance by government agencies and，194；congressional imposition of standards on，246；court intervention and，281，283-84，287-88；empowerment of professionals in，284；industry-wide rules and，250；leadership of，213；policy on deterioration of air quality，288-89；pollution reduction and，13；public-interest groups and，84；regulation negotiation and，283-84；rules and，342；state implementation plans（SIPs），287-88

Ideology：in presidential appointments，261-62；social status versus agency affiliation and，68；task definition and，65-68；see also Attitudes

Postal Reorganization Act，124

National Endowment for the Arts（NEA），203

U.S.Constitution，and administration，376

Weather Service，199

Industry-wide rules，249-50

National Science Foundation（NSF），80

SSI，see Supplemental Security Income

Civil Rights Commission，as client agency，80

Policy implementation，215

「Regneg，」 284n

Task performance：attitudes and，50-55，67-68；control of shirking and，155-57；earnings and，117-18；evaluation of，117-18；merit-pay system and，143-45；see also Evaluation；Incentives；Outcomes

Authority：decentralization of，372；imposition of efficient procedures and，349-50；national differences in organization of，297-301；national differences in response to，303-5；privatization and，348-49，359-60；of state，348-49；see also Discretionary authority

President's Special Review Board，see Tower Commission

National Academy of Sciences，80

Inefficiency，see Efficiency

Trash collection，350

Education：achievement and，9-10，22；privatization and，360-63，375；for veterans，355；see also Private schools；Schools；Teachers

NTE，see National Teacher Examinations

Research agencies，195

Political access，redistribution of，84-86

Requests for proposals（RFPs），122

State employment agency，161，165-66

Red tape，121，142；see also Paperwork Rules；Standard operating procedures

USAF，see U.S.Air Force

OFCC，see Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs

Reorganization Objectives Army Division，219

AIDS，271n，341

Production agency，top-down view and，11

Shirking，155-57，174

Memoranda of understanding（MOUs），260

Supplemental Security Income（SSI），100，206

Behavior，see Task performance

Office of War Mobilization（OWM），271

Program manager，320-23

Boston Housing Authority，193，334，336

People's Republic of China，347

Craft agency：costs of constraints and，332；court orders and，291；legislative domination of，245-48；management of，165-68；presidential control and，275；prevention of abuses in，175；professional standards and，175；sense of mission and，175；task definition in，367；type of executive in，201

Abuses，168，175，293

Coleman Report，9-10

OPM，see Office of Personnel Management

Juvenile delinquents，and public versus private agencies，132

Germany，Federal Republic of，297

Office of Legislative Affairs，260

「Client-serving ethic，」 100

Statutes：embodying contextual goals，129-30；guidance from，in task definition，71；see also Congress；Legislation

Results，see Outcomes

General Motors，134-35

NSC，see National Security Council

Sierra Club，281

NSF，see National Science Foundation

MOUs，see Memoranda of understanding

CIA，see Central Intelligence Agency

Innovation：in army doctrine，218-20，222-23；defined，222；desirable top-down changes and，230-31；environmental change and，225；executives and，28，227-3九*九*藏*書2；organizational resistance to，221-26；risk of top-down change and，228-30；role of subordinates in，230-32；task definition and，221-26

Regimes：statist versus non-statist，310-12；see also Parliamentary regimes

Professional and Administrative Career Examination（PACE），139-42

Flexibility，302，368

Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority（Metro），103

FDA，see Food and Drug Administration

Pork barreling，251-53

FNS，see Food and Nutrition Service

Carver High School（Atlanta，Georgia），8-10，21，25

Rules，333-45；in business versus government agencies，114；congressional micromanagement by，242-44；consequences of，338-39；delivery of public services and，363；difficulty of adopting，232；discretion and，327-29，334-36；gains versus losses from，342-45；governing procurement，126-28；impermissible outcomes and，339-42；industry-wide，207-8；opportunity for access and，377；as political，121；tasks and，336-39；see also Regulation；Standard operating procedures

「Goal displacement，」 69

Rewards，see Incentives

Corporatism，311

Building tender system，20

AJ，see Administrative judge

Reduction in Force（RIF），138

Mining，47

Tactics，see Strategy；Technology

Joint ventures，see Interagency coordination

Local government officials，top-down innovation by，229-30

France：cultural attitudes in，305-6；enforcement system in，297；French Revolution，335；German WWII military success and，4-6；organizational culture in，302；politics in，298；rule-based governance and，335

Quasi-autonomy，124

Office of Personnel Management（OPM），120，140，147，148，214-15

Defense Acquisition Regulation，321

Advocacy，as executive strategy，209-11

Army Corps of Engineers，65，199；interagency task forces and，190-91；leadership at，201；management system at，166；organizational mission at，98-99；programs versus projects and，190

Defense contracting，324-25，357；see also Military procurement

War Production Board（WPA），271

Litigation，and development of regulations，282-83，284-85

Patrimonial rule，309-10

Defense Reorganization Act of 1986，193

Informality，288，302，305-7

Tower Commission，273

Accountability：deregulation and，370；to president，276；privatization and，348，357-59；public schooling and，362-63；in public versus private institutions，316；reorganization and，267；rules and，335；in U.S.versus Great Britain，258

Special Representative for Trade Negotiations，260

Joint Chiefs of Staff，186，188，192-93

Regulation：concern for autonomy and，193-94；development of，for litigation reasons，284-85；entrepreneurial politics and，77；see also Deregulation of government

Federal Bureau of Investigation（FBI），231；drug enforcement and，108，180，182-83，189，267；external environment of，32；innovation at，230-31；interagency task forces and，190-91；leadership at，199，201；management system at，162-63；Office of Strategic Services（OSS），189-90；organizational mission at，97-98，107；organized crime and，180，182-83；professional leadership at，199；sense of mission，107

Ground-launched cruise missiles（GLCM），226

Federal Aviation Administration（FAA），268

Attitudes：beliefs about power of，50-51；restraint on capture and，86-88；and task performance，50-55，67-68

SES，see Senior Executive Service

Disability Insurance（DI），100

New York Interdepartmental Health and Hospital Council（IHHC），269，270

San Jose，California，362

FMC，see Federal Maritime Commission

Power：of attitudes，50-51；of Congress over bureaucracy，235-41；enhancement of，by change，228-30；of executives，204-5；judicial preference and，284-86；limitation of，335-36；as uncertainty，330

Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs（OFCC），193

DoD，see U.S.Department of Defense Drug enforcement：FBI and，108，180，182-83，189，267；reorganization of，12，265-67

Organized crime，180，182-83

General Accounting Office（GAO），35-36，203，259，318-19

Costs：of elimination of waste，323-24；judicialization of agency discretion and，282-84

「Code fetish，」 309

MSPS，see Merit Systems Protection Board

Operational goal，34-36

Bureaucrat-bashing，368

Contract system，363-64

Bureaucratic personality，69-70

Secretary of Defense，212

Federal Maritime Administration，248

EEOC，see Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Occupational Safety and Health Administration（OSHA），289；court challenges and，282-83；enforcement and，295-96；interest-group politics and，78，81-82；legislative dominance of，249；management of，85，206-7，216；as procedural agency，163，247，249；rule enforcement and，342，343-44；task definition at，42-43，64，246-47；unpopular policies of，235

Securities and Exchange Commission（SEC），330-31

Fleet Marine Force，223

Economic Cooperation Administration（ECA），55-56

Intervenor funding program，130，131-32

Community Planning and Development Program（CPD），214-15

NEES，see New England Electric System

FBI，see Federal Bureau of Investigation

Arbitrary rule：versus justice，326-31；and tradeoffs，326-27

China Lake experiment，see under U.S.Navy

1-2-3 Rule，333-34，336

Mental health professionals，286

Pentagon，118，209-10；see also Joint Chiefs of Staff；Military services

TAT，see Thematic Apperception Test

Goals：of Congress，and quasi-autonomous agencies，125；critical task of organization and，25-26；primary versus contextual，129；public versus private management and，10-11；top-down versus bottom-up perspective and，11-12；vagueness of，32-33；see also Contextual goal；General goal；Operational goal

Clean Air Act of 1970，281，287，288

Management：deregulation of，369-70；effects of court intervention on，282-90；political constraints and，27-28；president's influence on，262-64，272；by White House staff，272-74

World War Ⅱ：coordination of economy and military procurement in，270；German military success in，3-6，14-18，229；military doctrinal changes after，218-20，222-23；mission-jurisdiction match and，188

Blitzkrieg，15，222

ICC，see Interstate Commerce Commission

Supply Priorities and Allocations Board，271

Western Electric Company，Hawthorne plant，48

Budget cutting，214-15

Senior Executive Service（SES），143，261

INS，see Immigration and Naturalization Service

Hiring practices：internal promotion and，140，141；merit and，139-42；Schedule B appointments，141；1988 selection procedure，142；veteran's preference in，140；see also Personnel system

New England Electric System（NEES），31-32

People，versus organization，23-24

Variance procedure，287-88

Sherman Antitrust Act，78-79，82

Whistle-blowers，88

（以下頁碼為原書頁碼，即本書頁邊碼；n表示註釋）

Factors of production，allocation of，120-29；see also Resources

Delaney Amendment，340-41

Food and Nutrition Service（FNS），109，180

Private schools：teaching in，22，150；vouchers and，360-63，375

「Performance ambiguity，」 174

Privacy Act of 1974，130

PACE test，139-42

Political control，kinds of，236-37

Public schools，see Education；Schools；Teachers

OCR，see Office for Civil Rights

Compliance，in public versus private agencies，193，359

National differences，295-312

Production，factors of，see Factors of production；Resources

United Kingdom：civil service in，257-58；deferential culture in，304-5；Official Secrets Act，301；politics in，297-98；power of parliament in，237-38；regulation in，296-97

Bureaucrat，definition of，60

DEA，see Drug Enforcement Administration

London，England，22-23

New York City：Department of Parks and Re九_九_藏_書creation in，315-17；skating rink in，317，321；solid-waste collection in，351

Parliamentary regimes：bureaucracy and，378；enforcement of regulation in，297-301；problems of administration and，376-77

Counterintelligence（CI），see under Central Intelligence Agency

Federal Bureau of Narcotics（FBN），265；see also Drug Enforcement Administration

Discipline，17，19-20，22-23

Economic Policy Board（EPB），269-70

Civil Aeronautics Board（CAB），76，79，87

Jurisdiction，see Autonomy

Fairness：as goal in procurement process，126-27；regulation proposals and，129；responsiveness and，326-27；see also Equity

Scandal，and task definition，80-81

Military procurement：bottom line on，325；decentralization of authority and，372；incentives and，321-23；new technology and，224；program manager and，320-23；social goals and，324；task definition and，320-21；waste and，319-20

Presidents：appointments made by，260-62；bureaucratic support of，275；coordination by，272；influence of，on FTC，255-56；management of agencies and，262-64；micromanagement by，367；power of，and Congress，258-60；response of bureaucracy to control by，274-76

Equity：in access to courts，290；duty rotation and，171-73；versus efficiency，132；inputs and，353-54；management system and，172-73；markets and，354；privatization and，348，353-57；public schooling and，360-63；in public versus private institutions，316；rule implementation and，326；vouchers and，355-57；see also Fairness

Economists：「Chicago School，」 232，255；congressional oversight and，255；deregulation of airline industry and，87；FTC and，60，61，255；judicial empowerment of，285；organization of bureaucracies and，23；task definition for，60，61

Civil Service system：as limit on congressional power，238，239，240；PACE test and，139；preferential treatment and，140，200；presidents and，257-58；see also Office of Personnel Management；Personnel system

U.S.Department of Justice，Antitrust Division，84

National Defense Advisory Committee，270

Order，maintenance of，as situational imperative，37-40

Bureau of the Budget，258，259；see also Office of Management and Budget（OMB）

Civil Service Reform Act（CSRA），143，146

IHHC，see New York Interdepartmental Health and Hospital Council

Tennessee Valley Authority（TVA），12；「grass-roots democracy」 and，184；interest groups in task definition at，72-74；organizational culture at，95；professionalism at，87；regulation of，194；selective attention to tasks at，103；surplus revenues and，116

Narcotics law enforcement，see Drug enforcement

California：Lakewood Plan，352-53；prison system，8

Stereotypes about government agencies，114-15

Employment and Training Administration（ETA），214-15

Challenger disaster，see National Aeronautics and Space Administration

GATB，see General Aptitude Test Battery

Efficiency：constraints and，317-18，323-25；costs of，323-24；economic definition of，versus constraints，317-18；equity and，132；incentives and，321-23，349；justice and，326-27；privatization and，347-48，349-53；of public versus private agencies，315-17；task definition and，320-21

Implementation，national differences in，299-301

German army of 1940，3-6，14-18，229

Open enrollment，361

Critical task，see Core task；Task definition

National Aeronautics and Space Administration（NASA）：impact of engineering profession on，62-63；risks in organizational culture and，104；space shuttle program，203-4；task definition at，62-63

Discretionary authority：contextual goals and constraints and，133-34；court challenges to，279-81；distribution of，372；at headquarters level，329-31；housing projects and，333-34；rules and，334-36；at street level，327-29；vulnerability to interests and，73

Reorganization，186；of army，218-20；autonomy and，180；failure of，11 12；in HEW，212-13；presidents and，264-68；top-down view of bureaucracies and，265；see also Military services，unification of

NASA，see National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Police officers：chiefs and，205；discretionary authority and，41，327-28，329；factors in shooting by，53-54；legislative domination and，244-45；management system and，170-71，338；rules and，338，344；situational imperatives and，37-38；task definition for，37-38，53；task performance by，67-68；see also Local law enforcement

Money incentives，116-20，157

Michigan prison system，6-7，8，18-19，328-29

Drug Enforcement Administration（DEA），180；goals at，11，12；reorganization and，265-67；task definition at，47-48

Funeral Industry Practice Rule，82-83

FBN，see Federal Bureau of Narcotics

Customs Service，266

Equal Educational Opportunity Survey，see Coleman Report

Clayton Act，59

Office of Science and Technology，259

Standard operating procedures（SOPs），164，221，375

Discrimination：age，in employment，165n；in competency testing，152；employee dismissals and，145-46；OCR regulations and，66-67；PACE test and，140-41；police behavior and，53-54；privatization and，353-54

Demonstration project，see Management experiment

Corrections Corporation of America（CCA），360

Urban Mass Transportation Administration（UMTA），214-15，285

Airline industry，deregulation of，87

GAO，see General Accounting Office

Office for Civil Rights（OCR），66-67，246，278-79，290

Common-site picketing law，216

ACTION，213

Food stamp program，108-9，180，182，355

Resource dependence，181n

Coalition-building，251-53

U.S.Air Force（USAF）：aircraft procurement and，186-87；culture of，105-6；effect of creation of，267；ICBMs and，12，105-6；interservice coordination and，58-59

Japan，297，307-8，311

National Endowment for the Humanities（NEH），213

Local government，and privatization，358-59

Add-ons，225

Office of Strategic Services（OSS），57-58，189-90

U.S.Department of Agriculture：Food and Nutrition Service（FNS），180；food stamp program，108-9，180，182，355；national forests and，184

APA，see Administrative Procedure Act

Vouchers，355-57，361，362，375

Personnel system，139-46，372；bureaucratization versus professionalization and，149-53；change in，146-48；classification in，142-43；congressional control and，238-40；dismissals and，145-46；managers and，137-39，147；merit system and，139-42，143-45；resistance to change in，148；see also Civil Service system

Voting，54

Technology：government agencies and，223-24；task determination and，42-44

Career executives：agencies headed by，198，199，200-2；effectiveness of，202；presidential control and，274

Patronage system，239；see also Civil Service system；Political executive

Courts：access to，and capture，85-86；consequences of intervention by，282-90；effective decisions by，291-92；judges versus bureaucrats and，290-94；national differences in power of，301-2；in parliamentary system，298；relationship of federal agencies to，277-81，282；relationship of local agencies to，281-82；see also Litigation

Interest group agency，see Client agency

National Security Act of 1947，272

Peer expectations，45-48

Grace Commission，318-20

Rank-and-file employees，see Operator

Decision making：as executive strategy，212-14；group-centered，307，308；interagency coordination and，269，271

Management experiment，373-75

Immigration and Naturalization Service（INS），158

NEA，see National Endowment for the Arts

Governance problems，375-78

Foundations，83-84

Public versus private agencies：complexities of doing business with，120-22；compliance in，359；coping organizations and，169；efficiency and，349-53；equity and，316；facilities at，118-19；fiscal integrity in，316；labor costs for，351；management and，113-15，134-36；monetary incentives and 116-20；number of managers in，133；organization maintenance a 196-97；quality of service and，113-15；regulation of，193-94；see also Privatization九_九_藏_書

National Security Council（NSC），264，272-73

Campaign finance laws，85

Economic theory，and public agencies，347-48

Electric utilities，193-94，350-51

Key West Accords，186-87

Procedure：change of，by presidents，262-64；court intervention in，293-94

Office of Production Management，270-71

Arbetarskyddsverket（Sweden），296，303-4

U.S.Department of Defense（DoD）：budget cutting in，214；creation of，186，188，204；Defense Logistics Agency（DLA），126-28；Rocky Mountain Arsenal，194；under Weinberger，209-10

Outcomes，131；assessment of，373-75；contextual goals and constraints and，168；craft agencies and，165-66；field experiments and，373-75；focus on measurable，161-62；impermissible，339-42；observability of，and rules，342-43；at production agencies，160；production agencies and，160，162-63；types of agencies and，158-59；unknown，and SOPs，375；see also Evaluation；Task performance

Situational imperatives，52-53，75，169

U.S.Department of Labor，165-66，215-16；Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs，193

Personality，92-93；see also Bureaucratic personality

Constituencies：bureaucrats as，119；control of factors of production and，125，214-15；division of，and autonomy，191；increased court control and，282；influence of，125，131-32，214-15；as source of executive power，202-5

Capture，75，76，81，83-88；see also Interest groups

NEPA，see National Environmental Policy Act

Great Britain，see United Kingdom

Redundancy，as useful，274

HUD，see U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development

Rogers Act of 1924，94

Army Air Force（AAF），185-96；see also U.S.Air Force

Standing，doctrine of，280-81，286

NHTSA，see National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Corruption，312

Foreign policy：and administrative acts，41-42；privatization and，358

Contextual goal，129-34，324

Bureau of Health and Planning，214-15

Learned vulnerabilities，191-92

Military bases，241，251

Weapons builders，see Defense contracting；Military procurement

Paperwork，138，343，344

HEW，see U.S.Department of Health，Education，and Welfare

GLCM，see Ground-launched cruise missiles

Majoritarian agency，82-83，250

Fraud，elimination of，323-24

Labor costs，for public versus private services，351

Mission，sense of：advantages of，109-10；agency types and，158-71；autonomy and，182；autonomy in armed services and，187-88；benefits of，101；as challenge to managers，173-74；competing goals and，158；contract officers and，322-23；costs of，110；as incentive，157-58；loss of，110；organizational culture and，26，27；professional culture and，65；resistance to innovation and，222；resistance to regulation and，194；role of executive and，95-101，371；tasks related to，190；tasks unrelated to，371-72；as term，95；see also Organizational culture

Prior experience，and task definition，55-59，73-74

Turf maintenance，28；for executive versus organization，197，217；in public versus private sector，196-97；see also Autonomy

Entitlement programs，211

Problems：arbitrary rule and，326-31，332；of inefficiency，317-25，331-32；privatization as solution to，346-64

Social Security Administration（SSA）：conflicts in goals of，35；cost-of-living adjustment and，238-39；efficient outcomes at，160；facilities of，118；legislative domination of，244，253；management by rule and，336；means-test programs and，100-1；organizational mission at，99-101，160；problems in，368；as procedural agency，244；as production agency，244；task definition at，34-36

Influence-peddling，242

Teachers：bureaucratization versus professionalization of，150-53；competency tests for，152；legislative domination and，244-45；situational imperatives in task of，39-40；see also Schools

NAPA，see National Academy of Public Administration

U.S.Department of Health，Education，and Welfare（HEW）：advocate role of executive at，210-11；budget-cutting in，214；Bureau of Drug Abuse Control and，180；effect of reorganization and，267-68；Food and Nutrition Service（FNS）and，180；performance evaluation in，117；see also Welfare offices

EDF，see Environmental Defense Fund

Rule of Unanimity，269

Federal Trade Commission Act，59

Beliefs，see Attitudes

Education for All Handicapped Children Act，338-39

Organization：of armies，14-18；defined，24；denial of importance of，23-24；versus organizational structure，24；of prisons，18-21；of schools，21-23；system of coordination and，24-25

AFDC，see Aid to Families with Dependent Children

McDonald's fast-food restaurant，113-14，135

Centralization：of drug enforcement，267；impossibility of，276；in Latin America，309-10；president and，258-59，264，272

Office of Technology Assessment，259

Imprinting，96

New Industrial State，The（Galbraith），134

「Sunshine」 act of 1976，130

Cost-of-living adjustment（COLA），238-39

U.S.Department of Treasury，275-76

Disabled persons，35

Auftragstatik，16-17，26

Policy：judicial intervention and，280，286-90；versus rights，280

Racism，see Discrimination；Equity

IEP，see Individualized Education Program

Task：versus goal，32-34；of judge versus bureaucrat，290-92

Food and Drug Administration（FDA）：congressional control and，245-46；political criticism of，85；rules and，340-41；task definition at，80-81

ROAD，see Reorganization Objectives Army Division

Investigative agencies，166；see also Federal Bureau of Investigation

Uncertainty，as power，330

Organizational culture：agencies with multiple cultures，105-7；as concept，91-93；court awareness of，293-94；executives and，370-72；external constraints and，36；learned vulnerabilities and，129；resistance to new tasks and，107-9；selective attention and，101-5；situational imperatives and，42；at SSA，35-36；at the State Department，42；see also Mission，sense of

ICBMs，see Intercontinental ballistic missiles

Policy making：executive influence on，205-9；judge's role in，286-90，292-93；national differences in，299-300

Small group cohesion，46-47

Entrepreneurial agency：external interest pressures and，77-78，80-81；legislative dominance of，249-50；task definition in，80-81；watchdog organizations and，83-84

Environmental protection laws，342

Decentralization：capture and，85；of Congress，242；Forest Service mission and，97；in hiring practices，141-42；management of craft organizations and，167-68；number of constraints and，133-34；of teaching，151-53

Change：judicialization of agency procedures and，283；recruitment of professionals and，64-65

La Mirada，California，358-59

Armies：effectiveness of，3-6，228-29；interservice coordination and，58-59；operation of，365-66；organization of，14-18；small group cohesion in，46-47；task determination in，43-44，45-47

Watchdog organizations，85

NRDC，see National Resources Defense Council

Deception，and congressional over-sight，252，253

Wyoming Fish and Game Department，191

Foreign Service，94，171-73；see also U.S.Department of State

Bureaucracy：American regime and，376-78；Japan and，308；in Latin America，309-10；response of，to presidential control，274-76

EPB，see Economic Policy Board

Principal-agent models，155，156

Indivhttps://read.99csw.comidualized Education Program（IEP），338-39

COLA，see Cost of Living Adjustment

Adversarial perspective，297，299，305

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission（EEOC），145

Managers：concern with process versus outcomes and，131；constraints on，113-36；evaluation systems for hiring of，139-42；incentives for operator compliance and，154-75；input focus of，126，127-29；number of，in public versus private agencies，133；performance-based compensation and，143-45；personnel system and，137-53；risk aversion in，132-33；role of subordinates in innovation and，230-32；styles of management and，173-74

United States Postal Service（USPS）：constraints on function of，122-29；efficient outcomes at，160；employee performance evaluation in，155-56；Origin and Destination Information System（ODIS）at，156，162；as production agency，201

Majoritarian politics，78-79

USPS，see United States Postal Service

U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development（HUD）：congressional control and，275，276；voucher program and，356-57，see also Housing inspectors

Mission-jurisdiction match，187-88，192；see also Autonomy

Covert operations，see under Central Intelligence Agency

Transaction costs，358-59

Waste，318-20，323-24

RIF，see Reduction in Force

Coping agency：costs of constraints and，332；court orders and，291；legislative domination of，245，252；management of，168-71，175；marketlike arrangements and，364；presidential control and，275；type of executive in，200

Magnuson-Moss Act，249

Negotiation，as executive strategy，215-16

Core task，25-26，44；cost of changing，232；definition of，224-26；resistance to innovation and，223-24；see also Task definition

「Working personality，」 37-38

Top-down versus bottom-up perspective，11-13

Imperialism，see Autonomy

Procedural agency：costs of constraints and，332；court orders and，291；legislative oversight of，252；management of，163-64；marketlike arrangements and，364；presidential control and，275；surveillance and，174-75；task definition in，367；type of executive in，201-2

Private suppliers，350-53

Maternity Act，279

Fire protection，public versus private，350

Welfare offices：factors in task performance at，51-53；focus on measurable outcomes at，161；influence of professional norms in，63；task definition in，63；use of rules and，337-38

Prison system：arbitrary rule and，328；compared conditions and，6-8；「control model」 for，19-21；court intervention and，281；operation of，366；organization of，18-21；privatization and，359-60；「responsibility model」 for，18-19；situational imperatives in tasks in，38-39

Legislative veto，243n，268

National Academy of Public Administration（NAPA），264，369

Congressional control，235；and agency environment，248-51；agency response to，251-53；and agency type，244-48；limitations to，238-40；micromanagement in，241-44，366-67；tenure of commissioners and，238，239，240

Programs versus projects，190

Correctional institutions，see Prison system

Micromanagement，241-44，366-67

BNDD，see Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs

Packard Commission，320

Cambridge，Massachusetts，361

Military strategy，see German army of 1940

Stretch-out，323

FAA，see Federal Aviation Administration

Federal Maritime Commission（FMC），74-75，79，84

Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement（OSM），67

EPA，see Environmental Protection Agency

SCRAP case，279，280，281

General Aptitude Test Battery（GATE），140

Environmental Defense Fund（EDF），84

U.S.Army：acquisition of helicopters，187；Active Defense，219；Air-Land Battle，219；changes in warfighting doctrine and，218-20，222-23；guerrilla forces in，225；helicopter fleet，187；pentomic form and，218；Reorganization Objectives Army Division（ROAD），219；standard operating procedures（SOPs）in，164；unification of armed services and，185-86

Used Car Rule，83

Justice，versus arbitrary rule，326-331；see also Equity；Fairness

Pennsylvania，special education in，284-85

State-centered regimes，311

Freedom of Information Act（FOIA），129-30

Secretary of Health，Education，and Welfare，212-13

Legal Services Corporation，274-75

Openness，377-78

Political executive：budget cutting and，215；relationships and，199；selection of，197-99；Washington careers of，216

VISTA，see Volunteers in Service to America

Merit Systems Protection Board（MSPB），120，145-46

Office of Presidential Personnel，261

OSHA，see Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Infiltration warfare，15

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration（NHTSA）：change at，232；entrepreneurial politics，77；impact of engineering profession on，61-62，64；industry-wide rule making and，250；task definition at，61-62；unpopular policies of，235

Procurement：constraints on，121-22，126-27，240-41；in public versus private institutions，321；special treatment for minorities and，354；see also Military procurement

Intercontinental ballistic missiles（ICBMs），12，105-6

Leadership，see Executives；Managers；Presidents

Legislative oversight，see Congressional control

Professionals：definition of，60；empowerment of，by judicial preference，284-86；recruitment of，and organizational change，64；task definition and，59-65

Water Pollution Control Act of 1972，342

Environmental impact statements（EIS），65

ETA，see Employment and Training Administration

Agency types，28，158-71；see also Coping agency；Craft agency；Procedural agency；Production agency

Interagency coordination，266，268-74；and autonomy，190-91，192-93

「Follow-on imperative，」 324-25

Administrative judge（AJ），145-46

「Strategic governance，」 213

National Reconnaissance Office（NRO），189

Rand Corporation，323，325

Executives：advice to，370-76；agency types and，200-2；appearances and，205；autonomy and，181-85；coexistence of cultures and，105；constituencies as source of power for，202-5；efficiency and，349-50；enforcement and，298-99；essential constraints and，372；influence on policy and，205-9；kinds of，197-200；learned vulnerabilities and，192；operators and，205；organizational culture and，95-96，370-72；organizational mission and，95-101，371；regimes centered in，311-12；rules and，344-45；strategies of，209-16；success of organization and，365；task definition and，367；turf maintenance and，28；see also Career executives

Standards：professional，59-65，74，167-68；and rules，343-44

Commodity Credit Corporation，77

Shell Oil Company，194

Interest groups：congressional influence over agencies and，242；discretion by regulatory agencies and，329-31；entrepreneurial politics and，77-78；in Europe，299；redistribution of access and，84-86；see also Client politics；Public interest groups

OWM，see Office of War Mobilization

Competition：efficiency and，352-53；Postal Service and，125-26

Pension law，216

Constraints：coping organizations and，169-70；costs of，331-32；effects of，131-34；efficiency and，317-18；imposed by bureaucratic organization，260；imposed by Congress，263；increased court control and，282；military procurement and，323-25；operation of agencies and，115，366；political，35，44，120-22；procedural organizations and，164；use of surplus revenues and，116-20

Central Intelligence Agency（CIA）：counterintelligence and，101-2；covert operations at，189；creation of，259，260；defector management and，103；equity in duty assignments and，171-73；functions of director of，57；organizational cultures at，101；reconnaissance satellites and，189；task definition at，56-58