{22} The first part of this song is found in the Analects.

{37} A famous sword.

{55} Cf. Laotse, Ch. 80.

{68} From here on to the end of this paragraph, most of the passages are rhymed.

{29} Mythical emperor (2852 B.C.) said to have discovered the principles of mutations of Yin and Yang.

{49} See Laotse, Ch. 36.

{66} Mythical rulers before the Three Kings.

{3} Philosopher about whose life nothing is known. The book Liehtse is considered a later compilation. See the section "Parables of Ancient Philosophers."

{13} Cheng and kuei, lit. "whole" and "deficient."

{69} Kuei, a mythical, one-legged animal.

{11} The followers of Motse were powerful rivals of the Confucianists in Chuangtses days. See the selections from Motse.

{17} Lit. in the "Palace of Heaven."

{21} Lit. "regarded as sons (ie. fathered) by Heaven."

{60} Lit. "Heaven."

{71} A Neo-Motseanistread.99csw.com (of the Sophist school) who lived after Chuangtse. This section must have been added by the latters disciples, as is easy to see from the three stories about Chuangtse which follow.

{50} See Laotse, Ch. 19.

{38} Personal name of Confucius.

{52} See Note 40.

{34} A semi-mythical ruler, who ruled in 25I4-2417 B.C., shortly before Emperor Yao.

{51} See Laotse, Ch. 45.

{6} Sage emperors/

{53} See Laotse, Ch. 1.

{26} Hueitse often discusses the nature of attributes, like the "hardness" and "whiteness" of objects.

{16} See Laotse, Ch. 58.

{4} The wind.

{47} There is an anachronism here for Chuangtse lived to see only the ninth generation of Tiens, At least the number "twelve" must have been slipped in by a later scribe. This evidence is not sufficient to vitiate the whole chapter, as some "textual critics" claim.

{54} All legendary ancient rulers.

{1} He is 九九藏書reputed to have lived 800 years.

{18} Personal name of Chuangtse. "tse" being the equivalent of "Master."

{2} 1783 B.C.

{27} All of these historical and semi-historical persons were good men who lost their lives, by drowning or starving themselves, or pretending insanity, in protest against a wicked world, or just to avoid being called into office.

{44} Sun Yang, 658-619 B.C.

{12} The meaning of these two sentences is made clear by a line below. "But if we put the different categories in one. then the differences of category cease to exist."

{58} The founders of the three dynasties, Hsia, Shang and Chou (2205-222 B.C.)

{5} 2357 B.C.

{59} Signal for attack.

{67} Lit. "levelling of ranks or distinctions."

{19} An important idea that recurs frequently in Chuangtse, all things are in constant flow and change, but are different aspects of the One.

{39} Huang-chung and ta-九*九*藏*書lu: were the standard pitchpipes.

{14} See Laotse, Ch. 42.

{61} Yin, yang, wind, rain, light and darkness.

{23} This chapter deals entirely with deformitiesa literary device for emphasizing the contrast of the inner and the outer man.

{31} A river spirit.

{20} Best disciple of Confucius.

{64} This chapter further develops the ideas in Chapter "On Levelling All Things" and contains the important philosophical concept of relativity.

{15} See Laotse, Ch. 5.

{32} A mountain god.

{43} Because he refused to serve the new dynasty.

{46} 481 B.C.

{33} A semi-mythical ruler, who ruled in 2698-2597 B.C.

{70} Now a slogan used in China in the war against Japan.

{63} See Note 58.

{24} A well-known historical person, a model minister referred to in the Analects.

"Wholeness" refers to unspoiled unity of Tao. In the following sentences, cheng is used in the sense of "success " It is explained 九九藏書by commentators that the "wholeness" of music exists only in silence, and that as soon as one note is struck, other notes are necessarily held in abeyance. The same thing is true of arguments: when we argue, we necessarily cut up truth by emphasizing certain aspects of it.

{36} A monarch of the Shang Dynasty, 1324-l266 B.C.100

{7} A sophist and friend of Chuangtse who often carried on debates with him.

{10} Shih and fei mean general moral judgments and mental distinctions; "right" and "wrong," "true" and "false," "is" and "is not," "affirmative" and "negative," also "to justify" and "condemn," "to affirm" and "deny."

{57} Laotse, Tan being one of the personal names of Laotse (Li Tan, or Li Erh). "Lao" means "old," while "Li" is the family name.

{8} Agitations 九_九_藏_書of the soul (music of Heaven) compared to the agitations of the forest (music of Earth).

{48} Reference to a story. The states Lu and Chao both presented wine to the King of Chu. By the trickery of a servant, the flasks were exchanged, and Chao was blamed for presenting bad wine, and its city Hantan was beseiged.

{62} Great Nebulous is here addressed as "Heaven." See Note 60.

{41} I Yang chu and Motse (Mo Ti).

{42} Beginning with this phrase there is a marked change in style and vocabulary in this part.

{28} General attitude of fluidity towards life.

{25} Lit. "The outside of frame and bones."

{40} Tseng Tsan and Shih Yu:, disciples of Confucius.

{35} A water god with a human face and a birds body.

{30} With a mans head but a beasts body.

{65} Wei-Lu:, a mythical hole in the bottom or end of the ocean.

{56} See Laotse, Ch. 13.

{45} A mythical ruler.

{9} Lit. "true lord."

{72} Capital of Chao.